Vapor Compression Heat Pumps with Refrigerant Mixtures

Introduction Heat Pumping Overview of Current Products History of Working Fluids Requirements for Working Fluids Background of Environmental Concerns References Properties of Working Fluids Thermodynamic Diagrams of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants Analytical Treatment of Thermodynamic Properties Ternary and Multicomponent Mixtures References Vapor Compression Cycle Fundamentals The Carnot Cycle Heat Pumps in the Context of Energy Conversion The Ideal Vapor Compression Cycle Differences between the Carnot Cycle and Vapor Compression Cycle Realistic Vapor Compression Cycles Lorenz Cycle Vapor Compression Cycle with Zeotropic Mixtures in Thermodynamic Diagrams The Matching of Temperature Glides Methods for Comparing the Performance of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants Simulation of the Vapor Compression Cycle References Methods for Improving the Cycle Efficiency Measures of Incremental Efficiency Improvement The Suction Line to Liquid Line Heat Exchanger The Economizer The Expander The Three-Path Evaporator References Experimental Performance Measurements Laboratory Breadboard Tests Actual System Tests Experience References Refrigerant Mixtures in Refrigeration Applications Single Evaporator Refrigeration Cycle Dual Evaporator Refrigeration Cycle Lorenz-Meutzner Cycle Modified Lorenz-Meutzner Cycle Refrigerator References Refrigerant Mixtures in Heat Pump Applications Capacity Control R22 Replacement References Heat Transfer of Refrigerant Mixtures Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients Correlations for Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Pressure Drop During Evaporation Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients Correlations for Flow Condensation Heat Transfer Pressure Drop during Condensation References Operational Issues Regulation Refrigerant Recovery Cycle Flushing Refrigerant Mixing Refrigerant Mass Fraction Measurement Evacuating a System Refrigerant Charge Leak Checking Mass Fraction Shifts References

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