Monitoring & Visualizing Membrane-Based Processes

INTRODUCTION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF REAL TIME MONITORING ON MEMBRANE PROCESSES Introduction Microscopic Techniques in Membrane Characterization Electrical, Laser, Magnetic and Acoustic Techniques in Membrane or Membrane Process Characterization Process Oriented Monitoring Techniques Future Scope of Sensors in Membrane Process Characterization PART I: Optical and Electronic Microscopic Techniques on Membrane Process Characterization DIRECT VISUAL OBSERVATION OF MICROFILTRATION MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING Introduction Particle Deposition Particle Removal MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE MORPHOLOGY Introduction Membrane Characterization Morphology Parameters Microscopy Techniques for Membrane Morphology Characterization Case Studies CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY: FUNDAMENTALS AND USES ON MEMBRANE FOULING CHARACTERIZATION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ONLINE MONITORING Introduction Fundamentals of Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Applications of CSLM to Membranes and Membrane Processes Evaluating Limits and Prospects of CSLM in the Characterization of Membranes and Membrane Processes SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS DENSE MEMBRANES: THE CASE FOR GAS SEPARATION MEMBRANES Introduction Microscopic Techniques Gas Separation Membranes Case Studies ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATIONS OF MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE PROCESSES Introduction The Range of Possibilities Correspondence Between Surface Pore Dimensions from AFM and MWCO Imaging in Liquid and the Determination of Surface Electrical Properties Effects of Surface Roughness on Interactions with Particles ?Visualization? of the Rejection of a Colloid by a Membrane Pore and Critical Flux The Use of AFM in Membrane Development CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSCOPY FOR MEMBRANE CONTENT VISUALIZATION Introduction The Raman Effect Raman Microspectrometry Confocal Raman Microscopy Specific Data Processing Visualization Using Raman Spectroscopy Membrane Systems Applications IN SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING USING A MULTIPHOTON MICROSCOPE Overview Optical Techniques for Characterization of Membrane Fouling Partial Review of Fouling and Cleaning Materials and Methods Imaging Cake Fouling Imaging of Protein Fouling In Situ Characterization of Cell-Protein Fouling PART II: Electrical, Laser and Acoustic Techniques for Membrane Process Characterization ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANES Introduction Electrical Measurements Experimental Results of Electrical Measurements for Different Types of Membranes X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY APPLICATION TO 3D CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANES Principles of X-Ray Tomography Application of X-Ray Tomography in the Membrane Field OPTICAL AND ACOUSTIC METHODS FOR IN SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE FOULING Introduction Approach In Situ Deposit Characterization with an Optical Method Using a Laser Sheet at Grazing Incidence In Situ Deposit Characterization with an Acoustic Method PART III: Process-Oriented Monitoring Techniques MONITORING OF MEMBRANE PROCESS USING FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUES: ADVANCES AND LIMITATION Introduction: Why Use Natural Fluorescence as a Monitoring Technique? Natural Fluorescence Techniques Monitoring of Membrane Processes MEMBRANE EMULSIFICATION PROCESSES AND CHARACTERIZATION METHODS Introduction Emulsification Technology Membrane Emulsification Processes TOWARDS FOULING MONITORING AND VISUALIZATION IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS Introduction Factors Affecting Fouling in MBR Fouling by Biological Material Fouling Characterization Without Visualization Techniques Invasive Methods for Fouling Observation Non-Invasive Observation Methods MONITORING TECHNIQUE FOR WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE PROCESSES Introduction Development of Fouling Monitoring Techniques Dynamic Analysis of Online Fouling Monitoring

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