Medicinal Plant Biotechnology: From Basic Research to Industrial Applications (2Vol Set)

Preface. Foreword. List of Contributors. Color Plates. Volume I. Part 1 Linking Plants, Genes, and Biotechnology. 1 The Engineering of Medicinal Plants: Prospects and Limitations of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology (Matthys K. Julsing, Wim J. Quax, and Oliver Kayser). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Genetic Transformation and Production of Transgenic Plants. 1.3 Pathway Engineering and Combinatorial Biosynthesis. 1.4 Bioprocessing. 1.5 Plant Propagation. 1.6 Bioanalytics and Metabolomics. 1.7 Future Prospects. References. 2 Metabolomics (Young Hae Choi, Hye Kyong Kim, and Robert Verpoorte). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Analytical Methods. 2.3 Data Handling. 2.4 The General Set-Up of a Metabolomics Project. 2.5 Applications. 2.6 Conclusions. References. 3 HPLC-NMR Techniques for Plant Extract Analysis (Dan Stork, Maja Lambert, and Jerzy W. Jaroszewski). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Hyphenation of Separation Techniques and Spectroscopic Methods. 3.3 Direct HPLC-NMR Methods. 3.4 Indirect HPLC-NMR Methods. 3.4.1 HPLC-SPE-NMR. 3.5 Cryogenically Cooled NMR Probes. 3.6 Miniaturization. 3.7 Conclusions. References. 4 Plant-Associated Microorganisms (Endophytes) as a New Source of Bioactive Natural Products (Gary Strobel). Abstract. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Why Are There Needs for New Medicines? 4.3 Natural Products in Medicine. 4.4 Endophytic Microbes. 4.5 Rationale for Plant Selection. 4.6 Endophytes and Biodiversity. 4.7 Endophytes and Natural Products. 4.8 Surprising Results from Molecular Biology Studies on Pestalotiopsis microspora. 4.9 Concluding Statements. Acknowledgments. References. 5 DNA Profiling of Plants (Hilde Nybom and Kurt Weising). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Methodology of Plant DNA Profiling. 5.3 Applications. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Bioprospecting: The Search for Bioactive Lead Structures from Nature (Michael Wink). Abstract. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Function of Secondary Metabolites. 6.3 Modes of Action. 6.4 The Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Medicine. 6.5 Conclusions. Key references. 7 Biotechnological Approaches for the Production of some Promising Plant-Based Chemotherapeutics (Ashish Baldi, V.S. Bisaria, and A.K. Srivastava). Abstract. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Production by Plant Cell Cultures. 7.3 Biotechnological Approaches for Production. 7.4 Future Prospects. References. Part 2 Genetic Modifications, Transgenic Plants and Potential of Medicinal Plants in Genetechnology and Biotechnology. 8 In-Vitro Culturing Techniques of Medicinal Plants (Wolfgang Kreis). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Basic Methods and Techniques. 8.3 Protoplast Technology. 8.4 Special Techniques. 8.5 Permanent In-Vitro Cultures. 8.6 Methods and Techniques Related to Secondary Metabolism. 8.7 Conclusions. References. 9 Biotechnological Methods for Selection of High-Yielding Cell Lines and Production of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants (Donald P. Briskin). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Medicinal Plant Tissue Cultures and the In-Vitro Production of Phytomedicinal Secondary Metabolites. 9.3 Factors Leading to Elevated Production of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plant Cell Cultures. 9.4 Enhancement of Secondary Metabolite Production through Agrobacterium rhizogenes Transformation. 9.5 Metabolite Engineering of Medicinal Plants in Culture. 9.6 Large-Scale Production of Medicinal Secondary Metabolites in Bioreactor Systems. 9.7 Summary and Perspective. References. 10 Impact of Whole-Genome and Expressed Sequence Tag Databases on the Study of Plant Secondary Metabolism (Jillian M. Hagel, Jonathan E. Page, and Peter J. Facchini). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Whole-Genome Sequences. 10.3 Expressed Sequence Tags. 10.4 Terpenoids. 10.5 Phenylpropanoids. 10.6 Alkaloids. 10.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 11 Biotechnology of Solanaceae Alkaloids: A Model or an Industrial Perspective? (Birgit Drager). 11.1 Culture Systems. 11.2 Alkaloid Production. 11.3 Alkaloid Biosynthesis. 11.4 Solanaceae Model Systems for Transformation and Overexpression. 11.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects. Acknowledgment. References. Volume II. 12 Plant Cell Cultures: Production of Biologically Important Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants of Taiwan (Mulabagal Vanisree and Hsin-Sheng Tsay). Abstract. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cell Culture Protocols for Biologically Important Secondary Metabolites. 12.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives. References. 13 Exploring and Accessing Plant Natural Product Biosynthesis in Engineered Microbial Hosts (Erin K. Marasco and Claudia Schmidt-Dannert). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Heterologous Expression of Plant Natural Product Genes and Pathways. 13.3 Alkaloids. 13.4 Isoprenoids. 13.5 Flavonoids. 13.6 Conclusions. References. 14 Production of Therapeutic Antibodies in Plants (Richard M. Twyman, Stefan Schillberg, and Rainer Fischer). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 The Evolution of Recombinant Antibody Technology. 14.3 Production of Recombinant Antibodies in Plants. 14.4 Current Objectives in the Field. 14.5 Plant-Derived Antibodies in Clinical Trials. 14.6 Regulatory Considerations. 14.7 Summary. References. 15 Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins in Plants (Gilbert Gorr and Friedrich Altmann). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 A Word on Names. 15.3 General Aspects of Glycosylation. 15.4 Why Antibodies? 15.5 "Humanization" of N-Glycans in Plants. 15.6 Trust is Good, Control is Better: A Structural Analysis. 15.7 Conclusions and Outlook. References. 16 Frontiers in Transgenic Medicinal Plants Research (Ya'akov Tadmor and Efraim Lewinsohn). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Sources of Key Genes that Affect the Biosynthesis of Plant Natural Products. 16.3 Genomic Approaches Applied to Medicinal Plants Research. 16.4 Generation of Transgenic Medicinal Plants. 16.5 Metabolically Engineered Medicinal Plants. 16.6 Conclusions. References. Part 3 Plants as Drug Factories. 17 Intellectual Property Protection of Plant Biotechnology (Konrad Sechley and Clare Salisbury). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Protection of Plant Biotechnology in Europe. 17.3 North America. 17.4 Conclusion. References. 18 Breeding of Medicinal Plants (Friedrich Pank). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Demands on MAP Cultivars. 18.3 Specifics of MAP Breeding. 18.4 Genetic Resources. 18.5 Breeding Methods. 18.6 Improvement of Selection Response by Specific Techniques. 18.7 Outlook. References. 19 Camptothecin Production in Cell Cultures of Ophiorrhiza Species (Takashi Asano, Hiroshi Sudo, Mami Yamazaki, and Kazuki Saito). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Tissue Cultures. 19.3 Camptothecin Biosynthesis Studies with O. pumila Hairy Root. 19.4 Summary and Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 20 Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Flavor Compounds and Essential Oils (Dinesh A. Nagegowda and Natalia Dudareva). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Biosynthesis of Flavors/Essential Oils. 20.3 Regulation of Essential Oil Accumulation. 20.4 Practical Applications. 20.5 Metabolic Engineering. 20.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 21 Ginkgo biloba and Production of Secondary Metabolites (Christine Sohier and Didier Courtois). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Ginkgolides and Bilobalide. 21.3 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids. 21.4 Selection of Plants for Terpene Content and Propagation. 20.5 Tissue cultures. 21.6 Genetic Transformation and Organ Cultures. 21.7 Conclusions. References. 22 Production of Paclitaxel in Plant Cell Cultures (Homare Tabata). Abstract. 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Plant Cell Culture Technology for Paclitaxel Production. 22.3 Paclitaxel Biosynthetic Pathway and Related Genes. 22.4 Genetic Modification of Taxus Cells. 22.5 Future Technology for the Production of Useful Compounds. Acknowledgments. References. 23 Biological Production of Artemisinin for Malaria Therapy (Yan Zhao and Chunzhao Liu). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 The Biosynthesis of Artemisinin. 23.3 The Biological Production of Artemisinin. 23.4 Outlook. References. Subject Index.

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