Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering: GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the Road to 5G

Foreword xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 2 Types of Mobile Network by Multiple-Access Scheme 3 3 Cellular System 5 3.1 Historical Background 5 3.2 Cellular Concept 5 3.3 Carrier-to-Interference Ratio 6 3.4 Formation of Clusters 8 3.5 Sectorization 9 3.6 Frequency Allocation 10 3.7 Trunking E?ect 11 3.8 Erlang Formulas 13 3.9 Erlang B Formula 13 3.10 Worked Examples 14 3.10.1 Problem 1 14 3.10.2 Problem 2 16 3.10.3 Problem 3 16 4 Radio Propagation 19 4.1 Propagation Mechanisms 19 4.1.1 Free-Space Propagation 19 4.1.2 Propagation Models for Path Loss (Global Mean) Prediction 22 5 Mobile Radio Channel 27 5.1 Channel Characterization 28 5.1.1 Narrowband Flat Channel 31 5.1.2 Wideband Frequency Selective Channel 31 5.1.3 Doppler Shift 34 5.2 Worked Examples 36 5.2.1 Problem 1 36 5.2.2 Problem 2 36 5.3 Fading 36 5.3.1 Shadowing/Slow Fading 37 5.3.2 Fast Fading/Rayleigh Fading 40 5.4 Diversity to Mitigate Multipath Fading 42 5.4.1 Space and Polarization Diversity 42 5.5 Worked Examples 44 5.5.1 Problem 1 44 5.5.2 Problem 2 44 5.5.3 Problem 3 45 5.6 Receiver Noise Factor (Noise Figure) 45 6 Radio Network Planning 49 6.1 Generic Link Budget 49 6.1.1 Receiver Sensitivity Level 50 6.1.2 Design Level 50 6.1.2.1 Rayleigh Fading Margin 51 6.1.2.2 Lognormal Fading Margin 51 6.1.2.3 Body Loss 51 6.1.2.4 Car Penetration Loss 51 6.1.2.5 Design Level 51 6.1.2.6 Building Penetration Loss 52 6.1.2.7 Outdoor-to-Indoor Design Level 52 6.1.3 Power Link Budget 52 6.1.4 Power Balance 53 6.2 Worked Examples 56 6.2.1 Problem 1 56 6.2.2 Problem 2 57 6.2.3 Problem 3 58 7 Global System Mobile, GSM, 2G 59 7.1 General Concept for GSM System Development 59 7.2 GSM System Architecture 59 7.2.1 Location Area Identity (LAI) 62 7.2.2 The SIM Concept 63 7.2.3 User Addressing in the GSM Network 63 7.2.4 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) 63 7.2.5 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) 64 7.2.6 Di?erent Roles of MSISDN and IMSI 64 7.2.7 Mobile Station Routing Number 64 7.2.8 Calls to Mobile Terminals 65 7.2.9 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) 66 7.2.10 Security-Related Network Functions: Authentication and Encryption 66 7.2.11 Call Security 67 7.2.12 Operation and Maintenance Security 69 7.3 Radio Speci?cations 69 7.3.1 Spectrum E?ciency 69 7.3.2 Access Technology 71 7.3.3 MAHO and Measurements Performed by Mobile 72 7.3.4 Time Slot and Burst 73 7.3.4.1 Normal Burst 74 7.3.4.2 Frequency Correction Burst (FB) 74 7.3.4.3 Synchronization Burst 75 7.3.4.4 Access Burst 75 7.3.4.5 Dummy Burst 75 7.3.5 GSM Adaptation to a Wideband Propagation Channel 76 7.3.5.1 Training Sequence and Equalization 76 7.3.5.2 The Channel Equalization 77 7.3.5.3 Diversity Against Fast Fading 78 7.3.5.4 Frequency Hopping 79 7.4 Background for the Choice of Radio Parameters 81 7.4.1 Guard Period, Timing Advance 83 7.5 Communication Channels in GSM 84 7.5.1 Tra?c Channels (TCHs) 84 7.5.2 Control Channels 85 7.5.2.1 Common Control Channels 85 7.5.2.2 Dedicated Control Channels 86 7.6 Mapping the Logical Channels onto Physical Channels 86 7.6.1 Frame Format 87 7.6.2 Transmission of User Information: Fast Associated Control Channel 88 7.6.2.1 Data Rates 88 7.6.3 Signalling Multiframe, 51-Frame Multiframe 88 7.6.4 Synchronization 89 7.6.4.1 Frequency Synchronization 90 7.6.4.2 Time Synchronization 90 7.6.5 Signalling Procedures over the Air Interface 90 7.6.5.1 Synchronization to the Base Station 90 7.6.5.2 Registering With the Base Station 91 7.6.5.3 Call Setup 91 7.7 Signalling During a Call 93 7.7.1 Measuring the Signal Levels from Adjacent Cells 93 7.7.2 Handover 94 7.7.2.1 Intra-Cell and Inter-Cell Handover 95 7.7.2.2 Intra- and Inter-BSC Handover 95 7.7.2.3 Intra- and Inter-MSC Handover 95 7.7.2.4 Intra- and Inter-PLMN Handover 95 7.7.2.5 Handover Triggering 95 7.7.3 Power Control 96 7.8 Signal Processing Chain 97 7.8.1 Speech and Channel Coding 97 7.8.2 Reordering and Interleaving of the TCH 99 7.9 Estimating Required Signalling Capacity in the Cell 100 7.9.1 SDCCH Con?guration 100 7.9.2 Worked Example 101 7.9.2.1 Problem 1 101 References 102 8 EGPRS: GPRS/EDGE 103 8.1 GPRS Support Nodes 103 8.2 GPRS Interfaces 104 8.3 GPRS Procedures in Packet Call Setups 104 8.4 GPRS Mobility Management 105 8.4.1 Mobility Management States 106 8.4.1.1 IDLE State 106 8.4.1.2 READY State 106 8.4.1.3 STANDBY State 106 8.4.2 PDP Context Activation 107 8.4.3 Location Management 108 8.5 Layered Overview of the Radio Interface 108 8.5.1 SNDP 108 8.5.2 Layer Services 109 8.5.3 Radio Link Layer 110 8.5.3.1 RLC Block Structure 110 8.5.4 GPRS Logical Channels 111 8.5.5 Mapping to Physical GPRS Channels 111 8.5.6 Channel Sharing 112 8.5.6.1 Downlink Radio Channel 113 8.5.6.2 Uplink Radio Channel 113 8.5.7 TBF 113 8.5.7.1 TBF Establishment 113 8.5.7.2 DL TBF Establishment 113 8.5.8 EGPRS Channel Coding and Modulation 15 8.6 GPRS/GSM Territory in a Base-Station Transceiver 115 8.6.1 PS Capacity in the Base Station/Cell 116 8.7 Summary 118 References 119 9 Third Generation Network (3G), UMTS 121 9.1 The WCDMA Concept 123 9.1.1 Spreading (Channelization) 124 9.1.2 Scrambling 127 9.1.3 Multiservice Capacity 128 9.1.4 Power Control 129 9.1.4.1 Open-Loop Power Control 130 9.1.4.2 Outer-Loop Power Control 130 9.1.5 Handover 132 9.1.5.1 Softer Handover 132 9.1.5.2 Other Handovers 134 9.1.5.3 Compressed Mode 134 9.1.6 RAKE Reception 135 9.2 Major Parameters of 3G WCDMA Air Interface 136 9.3 Spectrum Allocation for 3G WCDMA 136 9.4 3G Services 138 9.4.1 Bearer Service and QoS 138 9.5 UMTS Reference Network Architecture and Interfaces 140 9.5.1 The NodeB (Base Station) Functions in the 3G Network 141 9.5.2 Role of the RNC in 3G Network 141 9.6 Air-Interface Architecture and Processing 142 9.6.1 Physical Layer (Layer 1) 144 9.6.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) on Layer 2 144 9.6.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) on Layer 2 145 9.6.4 RRC on Layer 3 in the Control Plane 145 9.7 Channels on the Air Interface 146 9.7.1 Logical Channels 146 9.7.2 Transport Channels 146 9.7.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH) 147 9.7.2.2 Common Transport Channels 147 9.7.3 Physical Channels and Physical Signals 148 9.7.4 Parameters of the Transport Channel 148 9.8 Physical-Layer Procedures 150 9.8.1 Processing of Transport Blocks 151 9.8.2 Spreading and Modulation 154 9.8.3 Modulation Scheme in UTRAN FDD 155 9.8.4 Composition of the Physical Channels 157 9.8.4.1 Dedicated Physical Channel 157 9.8.4.2 Common Downlink Physical Channels 160 9.9 RRC States 162 9.9.1 Idle Mode 162 9.9.2 RRC Connected Mode 164 9.9.3 RRC Connection Procedures 165 9.9.4 RRC State Transition Cases 166 9.10 RRM Functions 167 9.10.1 Admission Control Principle 167 9.10.2 Load/Congestion Control 168 9.10.3 Code Management 168 9.10.4 Packet Scheduling 168 9.11 Initial Access to the Network 169 9.12 Summary 170 References 171 10 High-Speed Packet Data Access (HSPA) 173 10.1 HSDPA, High-Speed Downlink Packet Data Access 173 10.2 HSPA RRM Functions 175 10.2.1 Channel-Dependent Scheduling for HS-DSCH 175 10.2.2 Rate Control, Dynamic Resource Allocation, Adaptive Modulation and Coding 176 10.2.3 Hybrid-ARQ with Soft Combining, HARQ 176 10.2.4 Retransmission Mechanism in the NodeB 176 10.2.5 Impact to Protocol Architecture 177 10.2.6 HARQ Schemes 178 10.3 MAC-hs and Physical-Layer Processing 181 10.4 HSDPA Channels 182 10.4.1 High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) 182 10.4.2 HSDPA Control Channels 183 10.4.2.1 Fractional Downlink Power Control Channel 184 10.4.3 HS-DSCH Link Adaptation 184 10.5 HSUPA (Enhanced Uplink, E-DCH) 189 10.5.1 Control Signalling 190 10.5.2 Scheduling 190 10.6 Air-Interface Dimensioning 192 10.6.1 Input Parameters and Requirements 192 10.6.2 Tra?c Demand Estimation 193 10.6.2.1 PS Data Services (Release 99) 193 10.6.2.2 HSPA Data Services 193 10.6.3 Standard Tra?c Model 194 10.6.4 Link Budgets 195 10.6.4.1 Uplink Load Factor 196 10.6.4.2 Downlink Load Factor 197 10.6.4.3 Link Budget for R99 Bearers 198 10.6.4.4 Link Budget for HSPA 199 10.6.4.5 Results of Link Budget: Cell Range Calculation, Balancing UL with DL 199 10.6.4.6 Link Budget for Common Pilot Channel Signal 200 10.6.4.7 Link Budget Calculation for the Shared Release 99 and HSDPA Carriers 200 10.6.5 Uplink Capacity Estimation 201 10.6.5.1 Required Bandwidth and Load for Multiple Bearers with GOS Considerations 202 10.6.5.2 Simpli?ed Estimation of HSDPA Throughput Capacity 202 10.7 Summary 203 References 204 11 4G-Long Term Evolution (LTE) System 205 11.1 Introduction 205 11.2 Architecture of an Evolved Packet System 206 11.3 LTE Integration with Existing 2G/3G Network 207 11.3.1 EPS Reference Points and Interfaces 208 11.4 E-UTRAN Interfaces 209 11.5 User Equipment 210 11.5.1 LTE UE Category 210 11.6 QoS in LTE 211 11.7 LTE Security 212 11.8 LTE Mobility 214 11.8.1 Idle Mode Mobility 214 11.8.2 ECM-CONNECTED Mode Mobility 215 11.8.3 Mobility Anchor 216 11.8.4 Inter-eNB Handover 216 11.8.5 3GPP Inter-RAT Handover 218 11.8.6 Di?erences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility 218 11.9 LTE Radio Interface 219 11.10 Principle of OFDM 220 11.11 OFDM Implementation using IFFT/FFT Processing 223 11.12 Cyclic Pre?x 223 11.13 Channel Estimation and Reference Symbols 225 11.14 OFDM Subcarrier Spacing 227 11.15 Output RF Spectrum Emissions 227 11.16 LTE Multiple-Access Scheme, OFDMA 228 11.17 Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) 229 11.18 OFDMA versus SC-FDMA Operation 230 11.19 SC-FDMA Receiver 231 11.20 User Multiplexing with DFTS-OFDM 231 11.21 MIMO Techniques 232 11.21.1 Precoding 234 11.21.2 Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) 236 11.22 Link Adaptation and Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling 237 11.23 Radio Protocol Architecture 238 11.23.1 User Plane 239 11.23.2 Control Plane 239 11.23.3 Scheduler 240 11.23.4 Logical and Transport Channels 240 11.23.5 Physical Layer 242 11.23.6 RRC State Machine 244 11.23.7 Time-Frequency Structure of the LTE FDD Physical Layer 244 11.24 Downlink Physical Layer Processing 248 11.24.1 Multiplexing and Channel Coding for Downlink Transport Channels 248 11.24.2 CRC Computation and Attachment to the Transport Block 248 11.24.3 Code Block Segmentation and Code Block CRC Attachment 249 11.24.4 Channel Coding 249 11.24.5 Rate Matching for Turbo Coded Transport Channels 249 11.24.6 Downlink Control Information Coding 250 11.24.7 Physical Channel Processing 250 11.24.7.1 Bit-Level Scrambling 251 11.24.7.2 Data Modulation 251 11.24.7.3 Layer Mapping 252 11.24.7.4 Precoding 252 11.24.7.5 Mapping to Resource Elements 255 11.24.7.6 Downlink Reference Signals 256 11.25 Downlink Control Channels 258 11.25.1 Structure of the Synchronization Channel 258 11.25.2 Time-Domain Position of Synchronization Signals 259 11.25.3 Frequency Domain Structure of Synchronization Signals 259 11.25.3.1 PSS Structure 259 11.25.3.2 SSS Structure 260 11.25.4 PBCH 260 11.25.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel: PCFICH 262 11.25.6 PDCCH 263 11.25.7 PHICH, Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel 264 11.26 Mapping the Control Channels to Downlink Transmission Resources 264 11.27 Uplink Control Signalling 264 11.27.1 Processing of the Uplink Shared Transport Channel 266 11.27.2 Channel Coding of Control Information 266 11.27.3 Multiplexing and Channel Interleaving 266 11.27.4 Processing for Physical Uplink Shared Channel 268 11.27.5 Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH 269 11.27.6 Multiplexing of UEs Within a PUCCH 269 11.27.7 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) 270 11.28 Uplink Reference Signals 271 11.28.1 Mapping of Reference Signals to the Uplink Frame Structure 272 11.29 Physical-Layer Procedures 273 11.29.1 Cell Search 273 11.29.2 Random Access Procedure 274 11.29.3 Link Adaptation 276 11.29.4 Power Control 277 11.29.5 Paging 278 11.29.6 HARQ 278 11.30 LTE Radio Dimensioning 279 11.30.1 LTE Coverage Dimensioning: Link Budget 280 11.30.1.1 Physical-Layer Overhead Factors 281 11.30.1.2 Multi-Antenna Systems 284 11.30.1.3 Required SINR 285 11.30.1.4 Link Budget Margins 285 11.30.1.5 Interference Margin 285 11.30.1.6 Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) 287 11.30.1.7 Required SINR 288 11.30.2 Cell Range and Cell Capacity 288 11.31 Summary 289 References 290 12 LTE-A 293 12.1 Carrier Aggregation 296 12.2 Enhanced MIMO 300 12.3 Coordinated Multi-Point Operation (CoMP) 303 12.3.1 CoMP Categories 304 12.3.2 Downlink CoMP 306 12.3.3 Uplink CoMP 307 12.4 Relay Nodes 309 12.4.1 Relay Radio Access 309 12.4.2 Relay Architecture 311 12.4.3 Resource Assignment for DeNB-RN Link in a Type 1 Relay 314 12.5 Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (E-PDCCH) 315 12.6 Downlink Multiuser Superposition, MUST 315 12.7 Summary of LTE-A Features 317 References 317 13 Further Development for the Fifth Generation 319 13.1 Overall Operational Requirements for a 5G Network System 320 13.2 Device Requirements 320 13.3 Capabilities of 5G 321 13.4 Spectrum Consideration 321 13.5 5G Technology Components 322 13.5.1 Technologies to Enhance the Radio Interface 322 13.5.1.1 Advanced Modulation-and-Coding Schemes 323 13.5.1.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) 323 13.5.1.3 Active Antenna System (AAS) 326 13.5.1.4 3D Beamforming and Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) 327 13.5.1.5 Massive MIMO 328 13.5.1.6 Full Duplex Mode 329 13.5.1.7 Self-Backhauling 330 13.5.2 Technologies to Enhance Network Architectures 331 13.5.2.1 Software-De?ned Network 332 13.5.2.2 Cloud RAN 332 13.5.2.3 Network Slicing 332 13.5.2.4 Self-Organized Network, SON 334 13.6 5G System Architecture (Release 15) 335 13.6.1 General Concepts 335 13.6.2 Architecture Reference Model 335 13.6.3 Network Slicing Support 338 13.6.3.1 General Framework 338 13.6.3.2 Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (NSSAI) 338 13.6.3.3 Selection of a Serving AMF Supporting the Network Slices 339 13.6.3.4 UE Context Handling 340 13.7 New Radio (NR) 341 13.7.1 NG-RAN Architecture 341 13.7.2 Functional Split 342 13.7.3 Network Interfaces 343 13.7.3.1 NG Interface 343 13.7.4 Xn Interface 345 13.7.5 NG-RAN Distributed Architecture 346 13.7.5.1 F1 Interface Functions 347 13.7.5.2 F1 Protocol Structure 347 13.7.6 Radio Protocol Architecture 348 13.7.6.1 User Plane 348 13.7.7 NR Physical Channels and Modulation 350 13.7.7.1 Physical-Layer Design Requirements 350 13.7.7.2 Frame Structure and Physical Resources 352 13.7.8 Frames and Subframes 353 13.7.9 Physical Resources 354 13.7.9.1 Resource Grid 354 13.7.9.2 Resource Blocks 355 13.7.10 Carrier Aggregation 356 13.7.11 Uplink Physical Channels and Signals 356 13.7.12 Downlink Physical Channels and Signals 357 13.7.13 SS/PBCH Block 358 13.7.14 Coding and Multiplexing 359 13.7.15 NR Dual Connectivity 359 13.7.16 E-UTRA and NR Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity 360 13.7.16.1 Bearer Types for MR-DC Between LTE and NR 362 13.7.16.2 MR-DC User-Plane Connectivity 363 13.8 Summary 364 References 364 14 Annex: Base-Station Site Solutions 367 14.1 The Base-Station OBSAI Architecture 367 14.1.1 Functional Modules 367 14.1.2 Internal Interfaces 369 14.1.3 RP3 Interface 369 14.2 Common Public Radio Interface, CPRI 370 14.3 SDR and Multiradio BTS 371 14.4 Site Solution with OBSAI Type Base Stations 372 14.4.1 C-RAN Site Solutions 374 References 375 Index 377

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