Fiber Lasers: Basics, Technology, and Applications

Introduction. The Adoption of Fiber Lasers. Historical Developments in Optical Fibers. Power Scaling of Fiber Lasers. Conclusion. References. Optical Fiber Waveguide Physics. Overview. Light Guidance in Optical Fibers. Basics of Light Guidance in an Optical Fiber. Exact Waveguide Solutions. Weakly Guiding Waveguides. Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers. Birefringent Optical Fibers. Mode Coupling in Optical Fibers. Coupling between Two Co-propagating Waves. Coupling between Two Counter-propagating Waves. Thermal Issues. Concluding Remarks. References. Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers. Overview. Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers. Nonlinear Wave Equation. Self-phase Modulation (SPM). Optical Solitons. Modulation Instability. Four-wave Mixing. Nonlinear Self-focusing. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. Stimulated Raman Scattering. Transverse Mode Instability. Conclusions. References. Optical Fibers: Materials and Fabrication. Overview. Conventional Optical Fiber Fabrication Techniques. Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD). Vertical Axial Deposition (VAD). Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD). Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD). Optical Fiber Drawing. Strength of Optical Fibers. Optical Fiber Coatings. Properties of Rare-Earth-Doped Fibers. Physics of Optical Transitions in Rare Earth Ions. Transition Strength. McCumber Theory. Non-radiative Transitions. Spectral Width of Transitions. Ion-Ion Interactions. Solubility of Rare Earth Ions in Glasses. Common Rare-earth Transitions Relevant to Fiber Lasers. Fabrication of Rare-Earth-Doped Optical Fibers. Vapor Phase Technique. Solution-doping Technique. Aerosol Doping Technique. Direct Nanoparticle Deposition Technique. Optical Damage. Conclusions. References. Test and Measurement of Fibers. Typical Fiber Specifications. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Specifications. Refractive Index and NA Measurements. Fiber Efficiency and Beam Quality Measurements. Higher-order-mode Content in Few-moded Fibers. Photodarkening Measurements in Yb-doped Fibers. Birefringence and PM Fiber Measurements. Fiber Coating Measurements. Lifetime Calculations for Coiled Fibers. Conclusion. References. Components for Fiber Lasers. Introduction to Fiber Laser Device Architecture. Fiber Bragg Gratings. Laser Diode Pumps for Fiber Lasers. Couplers and Tapered Fiber Bundles. High-power Isolators. Fiber-coupled Acousto-optic Modulators and Electro-optic. Modulators. Seed Laser Diodes for MOPAS. Cladding Light Strippers and End Caps. Conclusions. References. New and Emerging Fiber Technologies. Overview. Photonic Crystal Fibers. Fundamental Space-filling Mode of Photonic Crystal Cladding. Single-mode and Multimode Regime of Photonic Crystal Fibers. Waveguide Loss of Photonic Crystal Fibers. Modeling of Photonic Crystal Fibers. Mode Area Scaling with Photonic Crystal Fibers. Rare-earth-doped Glass for Large-core Photonic Crystal Fibers. Double-clad Photonic Crystal Fibers with High NA Air-clad for Pump. Guidance. Progress of Active Large-core Photonic Crystal Fibers. Leakage Channel Fibers. Leakage Channel Fibers with Air Holes. All-glass Leakage Channel Fibers. Polarization-maintaining All-glass Leakage Channel Fibers. Characterization of Mode Losses in All-glass Leakage Channel. Fibers. Ytterbium-doped All-glass Leakage Channel Fibers. Higher-order mode Fibers. Chirally Coupled Core Fibers. Photonic Bandgap Fibers. Conclusions. References. Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers. Overview. Spectroscopy of Erbium Ions. Modeling of EDFAs. Simple Three-level System Model. Considerations of Transverse Dopant and Mode Distributions. Amplified Spontaneous Emission. Erbium-doped Amplifier Modeling with ASE. Optical Noise in EDFAs. Amplified Spontaneous Emission. Noise at a Detector. Noise Figure. Confinement Effects Modeling of Erbium-doped Amplifiers. Pumping at 980 nm versus 1480 nm. Effects of Signal Wavelength. Effects of Amplifier Length. Saturation Effects. Pumping Arrangements. Power Amplifier. Detrimental Effects. Excited State Absorption. Upconversion. Pair-induced Quenching. Conclusions. References. CW Fiber Lasers Operating at 1 m. Introduction. Development of Ytterbium-doped Fiber Lasers. Kilowatt-level CW Fiber Lasers. Conclusions. References. Pulsed Fiber Lasers in the Picosecond and Nanosecond Regime. Introduction. Energy Extraction from a Gain Medium. Q-Switched Fiber Lasers. The Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) Configuration. Pulsed Fiber Lasers in the Picosecond Regime. Conclusions. References. Ultrafast Fiber Lasers. Overview. Master Mode-locking Equation Actively Mode-locked Fiber Lasers. Passively Mode-locked Fiber Lasers. Saturable Absorbers. Passively Mode-locked Fiber Lasers with Fast Saturable Absorbers. Passively Mode-locked Fiber Lasers with a Fast Saturable Absorber. without GVD and SPM. Passively Mode-locked Fiber Lasers with a Fast Saturable Absorber with GVD and SPM. Passively Mode-locked Fiber Lasers with Slow Saturable Absorbers. Soliton Mode Locking. Dispersion-managed Soliton Lasers. Similariton Fiber Lasers. All-normal-dispersion Fiber Lasers. Fiber Chirped Pulse Amplification Systems. Conclusions. References. Fiber Lasers at 1.55 m. Introduction. Er/Yb Fiber Lasers. Core-pumped Er/Yb Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers. Cladding-pumped Er/Yb Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers. Challenges to Further Power Scaling of Er/Yb Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers. Raman Fiber Lasers. Low-power Raman Fiber Lasers. Power Scaling of Raman Fiber Lasers with Cladding-pumped Ytterbium. Fiber Lasers. Further Power Scaling Using Raman Fiber Amplifiers. Power Scaling of Ytterbium-free Erbium-doped Fiber Lasers. Core-pumped Erbium-doped Fiber Lasers. In-band Pumping of Cladding-pumped Erbium-doped Fiber Lasers. Cladding-pumped Erbium-doped Fiber Lasers with 9xx-nm Diodes. Conclusions. References. Fiber Lasers at 2 m. Introduction. Spectroscopy of Tm3+ Ions. Power Scaling of Tm3+-doped Fiber Lasers. Tunable Tm3+-doped Fiber Lasers. Single-frequency Tm3+-doped Fiber Lasers. Resonantly Pumped Tm3+-doped Fiber Lasers. Ho3+-doped Fiber Lasers for High-power Lasers Operating Beyond 2.1 m. Resonantly Pumped Ho3+-doped Fiber Lasers. Tunable Ho3+-doped Fiber Lasers. Challenges to Fiber Lasers Operating Beyond 2.1 m. Conclusions. References. Mid-infrared Fiber Lasers. Overview. Optical Fibers with Low Phonon Energy. Heavy-metal-fluoride Optical Fibers. Chalcogenide Optical Fibers. Germanate and Tellurite Optical Fibers. Er3+-doped Fiber Lasers at ~3 m. Core-pumped Er3+-doped Fiber Lasers at ~3 m. Cladding-pumped Er3+-doped Fiber Lasers at ~3 m with Lifetime. Quenching by Co-doping. Cladding-pumped Er3+-doped Fiber Lasers at ~3 m with Energy Recycling. by Energy-transfer Up conversion. Er3+-doped Fiber Lasers at ~3.45 m. Ho3+-doped Fiber Lasers. Ho3+-doped Fiber Lasers at ~2.9 m. Ho3+-doped Fiber Lasers at ~3.22 m. Ho3+-doped Fiber Lasers at ~3.9 m. Dy3+-doped Fiber Lasers. Tm3+-doped Fiber Lasers at 2.4 m. Conclusions. References. Supercontinuum Generation in Optical Fibers. Background. Supercontinuum Generation with Short Pulses. Supercontinuum Generation with Long Pulses and CW. Supercontinuum Generation for Telecommunications. Fibers for Supercontinuum Generation. Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation. Stability and Noise of Supercontinuum. Supercontinuum Generation for Carrier-envelope-offset Frequency Control. Conclusions. References. Industrial Applications of Fiber Lasers. Background. Material Macro-processing (>1 kW). Material Micro-processing. Conclusions. References. Medical Applications of Fiber Lasers. Background. Medical Applications of Lasers. Interaction of Laser and Tissue. Diagnostic Applications of Lasers. Therapeutic Applications of Lasers. Medical Applications of Fiber Lasers. Diagnostic Applications of Fiber Lasers. Clinical Applications of Fiber Lasers. Applications in Medical Equipment Manufacturing. Conclusions. References. Military Applications of Lasers. Background. Ranging and Sensing Applications. Laser Range Finders. LIDAR. Laser Gyroscope. Laser Bathymetry. Fiber-optic Hydrophone. Detection of Chemical Agents, Biological Agents, and Explosives. Communications. Sniper Detection. Laser Dazzlers. Unexploded Ordnance Disposal. Aiming, Targeting, and Guidance. Laser-aiming Aids. Laser Target Designators. Laser Guided Missiles. Infrared Countermeasures. Direct Energy Weapons. Background. Lethality. Chemical Lasers. Solid-state Lasers. Free Electron Lasers. Fiber Lasers. Conclusions. References. Conclusions. Appendix. Index

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